Abstract

Divya Patiyal, Saba Rana, Shalini Mishra, Mohd Salman, Sachin Kumar, Anupriya Singhal

ABSTRACT

Biodiversity and ecosystems are closely related concepts. Biodiversity provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial and important to human well-being at present and in the future. The review aim to explain the Ecosystem services, and need for conservation of biodiversity. Ecosystem services (also called environmental services or nature's services) are benefits provided by ecosystems to humans. Human kind fully depends on the earth's ecosystems and the services they provide, such as food, water, disease management, climate regulation, spiritual fulfillment and aesthetic enjoyment. Over the past 50 years, humans have changed these ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than ever before, so that growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel. Pollution through the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and solid waste (e.g. plastics) exacerbates the related problems. Environmental pollution results from mishandling, deliberate disposal, spilling and leakage of waste products, such as gasoline, lubricating oils, diesel fuel, heating oil's, used or spent engine oils, animal wastes, human excreta, certain dissolved organic compound and organic salts such as nitrates, soap, phosphates of detergent, sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride ions. Under natural process most of the biodegradable pollutants of sewage are rapidly decomposed, but when they accumulate in large quantities, they create problems, i.e., when their input into environment exceeds the decomposition or disposal capacity. Ecosystem health’s linked to water management, sanitation and agriculture as these aspects influence water availability and quality. The loss of biodiversity can reduce the provision of ecosystem services essential for human well-being. Therefore, sustainable sanitation and water management is crucial for a more sustainable ecosystem management in the future.There are challenges to measuring, monitoring, and valuing ecosystem services. Some of these challenges include .People are often unaware of the services or their importance. It can be difficult to understand complex ecological-social-economic systems. Economic markets and valuation methods may not recognize the value of ecosystem services. Society's policies, regulations, and incentives may not encourage investment in ecosystems.