Abstract

Ms. Pragya Sharma, Abuzar Khan

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal contamination represents one of the most significant and persistent environmental health challenges of the modern era, with evolving understanding of exposure patterns and health impacts necessitating continuous reassessment of risk management strategies. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence regarding the toxicological implications of heavy metal exposure, incorporating recent advances in exposure assessment, biological monitoring, and therapeutic interventions. Through systematic analysis of epidemiological studies, mechanistic investigations, and clinical observations, we evaluate the health effects associated with both acute and chronic exposure to major heavy metals, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. Our review reveals a fundamental paradigm shift in understanding dose-response relationships, particularly regarding low-level chronic exposure, with mounting evidence indicating significant health impacts below traditionally accepted thresholds. Advanced analytical techniques have enabled detection of subtle biological effects and complex metal-mixture interactions, challenging conventional single-metal assessment approaches. The integration of novel biomonitoring strategies with traditional surveillance methods has enhanced our ability to assess exposure patterns and identify vulnerable populations, while emerging therapeutic interventions complement established chelation therapies in addressing metal toxicity. The review emphasizes striking disparities in global exposure patterns and management capabilities, considering the implications of climate change and industrial development on metal mobility and human exposure. Recent developments in molecular techniques, artificial intelligence applications, and real-time monitoring technologies offer promising avenues for improving risk assessment and therapeutic strategies. We identify critical research gaps and provide evidence-based recommendations for enhancing heavy metal exposure prevention and management across different geographical and socioeconomic contexts. This comprehensive synthesis provides a foundation for future research directions while informing evidence-based policy decisions and public health interventions.